Quantum Innovations

Quantum tokens are a new security technology based on quantum communication. By using non-orthogonal quantum states, they exploit the no-cloning theorem and classical methods to prevent forgery and double-spending.
In this scheme, the Issuer selects quantum states randomly from two conjugate bases and sends them to the Receiver, who measures the states and stores the outcomes. Later, these outcomes are checked against the Issuer’s secret information (which states were originally sent), allowing the token’s validity to be verified.
A representative implementation of such quantum communication is the BB84 protocol, originally proposed for quantum key distribution (QKD). Thanks to its extensive theoretical and experimental record, it has also been applied in the demonstration of quantum tokens.

The Receiver transfers the measurement outcomes to a single Token Holder, who then becomes the legitimate owner of the token. The Token Holder can present the outcomes to merchants or service providers for use, and where it is validated locally. The Token Holder can also transfer (reassign) the measurement outcomes securely to another user via classical communication.
This design means that while quantum communication between the Issuer and Receiver is subject to distance limitations, actual users can use quantum tokens anytime and anywhere, including in online shopping.
Furthermore, the secondary distribution of tokens can be recorded on blockchains, transparency logs, or decentralized identifiers (DIDs), ensuring both transparency and security.